Weight Loss · Reference
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine: Exercise Mimetic vs Fat-Transport Molecule, Compared
This page explains each on its own terms, puts them side by side, covers the evidence honestly, where each stands with the FDA and anti-doping rules, how each is dosed and injected, what each costs, and when something else makes more sense.

Treatments mentioned
SLU-PP-332 and L-carnitine both sit in the "fat burning and endurance" conversation, but they work at different steps and have opposite evidence records. L-carnitine is a small molecule the body makes from lysine and methionine; its job is to carry long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria, and it has dozens of randomized human trials, nearly all oral, describing a modest effect alongside diet and exercise. SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic compound that switches on the estrogen-related receptors, the genetic switches that build mitochondria and run the endurance-exercise gene program; it has striking mouse results and no human trials of any kind. L-carnitine is the conservative choice with human data; SLU-PP-332 is the experimental one. Neither is a peptide, both are compounded prescriptions at Pepti, and compounded medications are not FDA approved.
This page explains each on its own terms, puts them side by side, covers the evidence honestly, where each stands with the FDA and anti-doping rules, how each is dosed and injected, what each costs, and when something else makes more sense.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
The short answer
| If your main goal is | The usual prescription | What is in it | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| A fat-transport cofactor with human trial data, as an adjunct to training | L-Carnitine Injection | 10 mL multi-dose vial, injected into muscle | $219/mo |
| An experimental exercise mimetic aimed at mitochondrial gene programs | SLU-PP-332 | 10 mg SLU-PP-332 in a 5 mL vial | $229/mo |
| A mitochondrial-derived peptide for related pathways | MOTS-c | 10 mg MOTS-c in a 5 mL vial | $259/mo |
| A broader lipotropic injection | Lipo-B | B12 with methionine, inositol and choline (no carnitine) | $209/mo |
| Weight management with large human trials | Semaglutide or tirzepatide | Dose-specific vials | from $99/mo, from $159/mo |
Every figure is an all-in monthly price covering the medication, physician review, refill management and shipping, with no separate membership fee. Pepti is cash-pay and does not bill insurance. Current pricing always lives on each product page.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
L-carnitine on its own terms
What it is
L-carnitine is a small quaternary ammonium compound that the liver and kidneys make from the amino acids lysine and methionine. Its job is narrow and well characterized: it carries long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane so they can be oxidized for energy. Most of the body's supply sits in skeletal and heart muscle. Only the L form is biologically active, which is why the drug name is levocarnitine. It is not a peptide, not a stimulant and not a hormone. The full reference is what is L-carnitine.
How L-carnitine is described to work
- The carnitine shuttle. Enzymes on the mitochondrial membranes attach a fatty acid to carnitine, carry it through, and release it inside for oxidation. This is the rate-limiting step in long-chain fat oxidation.
- Buffering during hard exercise. A 2007 review in the Journal of Physiology described free carnitine soaking up excess acetyl groups as acetyl-carnitine, limiting lactate build-up.
- Changing muscle fuel use, in humans. A 2011 Journal of Physiology study gave fourteen healthy men oral L-carnitine with carbohydrate twice a day for 24 weeks, with muscle biopsies. Muscle carnitine rose and fuel use shifted during exercise. The carbohydrate was needed to raise insulin, and it took 24 weeks.
The key point: L-carnitine is a cofactor in a pathway. It does not make the body oxidize more fat than the demand for energy calls for, and it does not suppress appetite. The pathway still has to be driven by activity.
What human data exists for L-carnitine
A great deal, by the standards of this catalog. Three meta-analyses of randomized trials (Obesity Reviews 2016, Pharmacological Research 2020, Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 2020) describe a modest, reproducible effect on body weight in overweight adults who were also changing diet and activity, with no consistent change in body-fat percentage or waist circumference. A 2007 trial in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported lower fatigue scores in centenarians. The catch is route: nearly all of these trials were oral. There are no randomized trials of low-dose intramuscular L-carnitine in healthy adults. L-carnitine benefits covers the research in more detail.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
SLU-PP-332 on its own terms
What it is
SLU-PP-332 is a small synthetic organic molecule, built around a naphthalene ring and a phenol, designed to bind the estrogen-related receptors ERRα, ERRβ and ERRγ. Despite the name these receptors do not bind estrogen. They sit on DNA and control the genes that build mitochondria, run oxidative phosphorylation and oxidize fatty acids, and in muscle they are among the main switches the body uses to adapt to aerobic exercise. SLU stands for Saint Louis University, where the compound was published in ACS Chemical Biology in 2023. It is not a peptide, not a stimulant and not a hormone. The full reference is what is SLU-PP-332.
How SLU-PP-332 is described to work
- Turning on mitochondrial gene programs. Working with the coactivator PGC-1α, ERRα and ERRγ control genes for mitochondrial biogenesis, the electron transport chain and fatty acid oxidation. SLU-PP-332 binds all three ERRs, most potently ERRα.
- The acute exercise gene program. The 2023 paper reported that a dose in mice switched on a set of genes strikingly similar to a bout of endurance exercise, and that mice lacking ERRα did not show it.
- More oxidative muscle fibres. Treated mice had a higher proportion of type IIa oxidative fibres and ran further and longer on a treadmill.
- Whole-body fuel use. A 2024 paper in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics reported raised energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation, with less fat mass gained, in two mouse models of obesity.
What human data exists for SLU-PP-332
None in living people. There are no human trials of any phase and no human pharmacokinetic data. The nearest thing is a 2025 pilot in Frontiers in Physiology that treated muscle cells from inactive women in a dish. Two 2026 papers mapped how human liver enzymes break it down, so anti-doping labs can detect it.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
Head to head
| L-carnitine | SLU-PP-332 | |
|---|---|---|
| What it is | A molecule the body makes from lysine and methionine | A synthetic ERR agonist, first published in 2023 |
| Is it a peptide? | No | No |
| Where it acts | The transport step that moves fatty acids into mitochondria | Upstream, on the genes that build mitochondria and set fuel preference |
| How to think of it | A cofactor in a pathway the body already runs | A switch that tells muscle to behave as if it has trained |
| Human trials | Dozens of randomized trials, nearly all oral; three meta-analyses | None of any phase |
| Strongest result | A modest, reproducible effect on body weight with diet and activity (oral) | Longer treadmill running and less fat mass gained (mice) |
| Approved anywhere? | Levocarnitine is an FDA-approved active ingredient for carnitine deficiency | Not approved for anything |
| Route at Pepti | Into the muscle (intramuscular) | Under the skin (subcutaneous) |
| Typical directions | 0.50 mL (50 units) once daily, Monday to Friday | 0.25 mL (25 units) once daily, Monday to Friday |
| Doses per vial | 20, about 4 weeks | 20, about 4 weeks |
| Anti-doping | Not a prohibited substance; some bodies restrict injection volume | Prohibited as an exercise mimetic and metabolic modulator |
| Price at Pepti | $219 a month | $229 a month |
Different steps in the same story
It is easy to picture these two as rival fat burners. They are better pictured as two different steps. Endurance training does two things over weeks: it builds more mitochondrial machinery, and it keeps that machinery fed. SLU-PP-332 is aimed at the first, in mice, by switching on the gene program that builds mitochondria. L-carnitine is a supply step: it carries fatty acids into mitochondria that already exist, and its human trials show that topping it up matters slowly, if at all, in people whose levels are normal. Neither replaces the training itself. The SLU-PP-332 researchers describe it as a candidate for people who cannot exercise adequately, not a replacement for training in people who can, and a 2026 paper reported its oral successor worked better combined with exercise than alone.
The real difference is evidence
L-carnitine's effect in people is small but measured, many times over. SLU-PP-332's effect in people is unknown, because nobody has measured it. Exercise mimetics have a history of working in rodents and failing to translate. That is not a reason to dismiss SLU-PP-332, but it is the single most important fact when comparing them.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
Who suits which
L-carnitine
L-carnitine suits someone who wants an adjunct with a long human safety record, is training regularly, and is comfortable with a modest, slow-building effect. It is often prescribed alongside a GLP-1 medication or a lipotropic injection, as covered in what peptides can you take with tirzepatide.
SLU-PP-332
SLU-PP-332 suits someone who understands that the human evidence is blank, who is interested in the exercise-mimetic idea specifically, and who is not a tested athlete. It is the more experimental choice. MOTS-c vs SLU-PP-332 vs 5-Amino-1MQ compares it with the other metabolic options.
Can you take SLU-PP-332 and L-carnitine together?
They act at different steps and use different injection routes, so they would be two separate injections. No study, in animals or people, has tested the pair. Whether a combination fits you is something your physician sets after reviewing your intake.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
When neither is the right first step
| Situation | What makes more sense |
|---|---|
| Weight loss is the main goal | Semaglutide or tirzepatide, which have large randomized human trials; see L-carnitine vs GLP-1 |
| Energy is the complaint and B12 status is unknown | Methylcobalamin, which addresses a specific, testable deficiency |
| A diagnosed carnitine deficiency or dialysis | Specialist care with the approved levocarnitine product, not a compounded vial |
| You are a tested athlete | Not SLU-PP-332; check your sport's rules on injection volume before L-carnitine |
| You want a peptide rather than a small molecule | MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for related pathways |
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
Where each stands with the FDA
| L-carnitine | SLU-PP-332 | |
|---|---|---|
| Active ingredient approved? | Yes. Levocarnitine injection, tablets and oral solution are approved for carnitine deficiency | No |
| 503A nominated-substances list | Not listed; it meets the 503A conditions as a component of approved products with a USP monograph | Not listed in any category |
| FDA safety review | None needed for compounding eligibility | Never evaluated, in either direction |
| Advisory committee review | No | No |
| Pepti's product | Compounded for intramuscular use, not the approved drug | Compounded for subcutaneous use |
Both are compounded medications, and compounded medications are not FDA approved. Prescribing L-carnitine for training, energy or weight is off-label: common and lawful, but not an approved claim. SLU-PP-332 has never been through any FDA process; it is closer to a blank page than to a flagged substance. Are peptides FDA approved explains the difference between not approved and not legal.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
Dosing, side by side
| L-carnitine | SLU-PP-332 | |
|---|---|---|
| Directions printed on the vial | Inject 0.50 mL (50 units) intramuscularly once daily Monday through Friday | Inject 0.25 mL (25 units) subcutaneously once daily Monday through Friday |
| Vial | 10 mL multi-dose vial | 5 mL, 2 mg/mL (10 mg) |
| Amount per dose | As printed on the vial | 0.5 mg (2 mg/mL x 0.25 mL) |
| Doses per vial | 20 (10 mL divided by 0.50 mL) | 20 (5 mL divided by 0.25 mL) |
| Where it goes | Into the muscle: deltoid, upper outer thigh or upper outer buttock, rotated | Into the fat layer: abdomen or thigh, rotated |
| Needle | Longer, for intramuscular injection, supplied by the pharmacy | Insulin syringe |
The units on a U-100 insulin syringe are volume marks: 1 unit is 0.01 mL, so 25 units is 0.25 mL and 50 units is 0.50 mL. Your physician sets your directions after reviewing your intake, and they are printed on the vial. Both vials last about four weeks at five doses a week, which is why refills run every 28 days, one vial per fill. Both ship refrigerated with ice packs, sterile syringes and alcohol prep pads, as ready-to-use multi-dose solutions. SLU-PP-332 is injected because the published pharmacology reports it lacks oral bioavailability; L-carnitine is injected because large oral doses are absorbed at roughly 14 to 18 percent. More in SLU-PP-332 dosage and how to inject peptides safely.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
Side effects
L-carnitine. One of the longer safety records of anything Pepti prescribes, from decades of the approved product and thousands of supplement trial participants. Reported: transient nausea and vomiting, gastritis, a fishy body odour from trimethylamine (more common with large oral doses), and soreness or bruising at the injection site. The approved product's label reports seizures in people with and without a prior history, and INR increases in people taking warfarin.
SLU-PP-332. There is no human safety data. The mouse studies, including eight weeks in old animals, did not describe overt toxicity. Prescribers report mostly injection-site redness, mild soreness and occasional bruising, and occasionally early nausea or light-headedness. Two cautions are specific to it: ERRα is a regulator of metabolism inside cancer cells, and the compound acts on the heart's fuel metabolism, so a cancer or cardiac history belongs on the intake. More in SLU-PP-332 side effects.
For either, message your care team about anything that persists or worries you. Call 911 for facial or throat swelling, widespread hives or difficulty breathing.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
Who should not take either, or should discuss it first
| Situation | Why |
|---|---|
| Seizure disorder | L-carnitine's approved label reports seizures |
| Taking warfarin | L-carnitine's label reports INR increases |
| Severe kidney impairment | L-carnitine metabolites can accumulate with chronic high oral dosing |
| Personal history of cancer | SLU-PP-332's target receptor regulates metabolism inside cancer cells |
| A cardiac history | SLU-PP-332 acts on the heart's fuel metabolism, unmeasured in a healthy human heart |
| Pregnancy or breastfeeding | Not used for either |
| Tested athletes | SLU-PP-332 is prohibited; some bodies restrict injection volume regardless of contents |
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
What the evidence shows, honestly
L-carnitine has a real, reproducible but modest effect on body weight in meta-analyses of oral trials alongside lifestyle change, no consistent effect on body-fat percentage, and a muscle-loading result that took six months with carbohydrate. What its low-dose injection does in healthy adults is extrapolated rather than measured. SLU-PP-332 has a precise mechanism, knockout-mouse experiments that meet a higher standard than most compounds in this category, and no human data at all. Anyone describing L-carnitine as a fat burner, or SLU-PP-332 as exercise in a vial, is overstating what exists.
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine
Where to get SLU-PP-332 or L-carnitine prescribed
Neither can be bought legitimately without a prescription. Sites selling injectables "for research use only" are not accountable for identity, purity, sterility or concentration. The prescription route:
- Complete a free online intake covering your history, medications, training and what you want help with.
- A physician licensed in your state reviews it, usually within 24 hours.
- If it is appropriate, a PCAB-accredited, FDA-registered US 503A compounding pharmacy prepares it to that prescription. Lot test results are published at /quality/lab-results.
- It ships refrigerated with your directions printed on the vial.
- Your physician stays reachable for questions and dose changes.
Step-by-step pages: how to get SLU-PP-332 prescribed online and how to get L-carnitine prescribed online.
References
What this is based on.
References
- Billon C, Sitaula S, Banerjee S et al.. Synthetic ERRα/β/γ Agonist Induces an ERRα-Dependent Acute Aerobic Exercise Response and Enhances Exercise Capacity · ACS Chem Biol (2023) · PMID 36988910
- Billon C, Schoepke E, Avdagic A et al.. A Synthetic ERR Agonist Alleviates Metabolic Syndrome · J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2024) · PMID 37739806
- Xu W, Billon C, Li H et al.. Novel Pan-ERR Agonists Ameliorate Heart Failure Through Enhancing Cardiac Fatty Acid Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function · Circulation (2024) · PMID 37961903
- Wang XX, Myakala K, Libby AE et al.. Estrogen-Related Receptor Agonism Reverses Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation in the Aging Kidney · Am J Pathol (2023) · PMID 37717940
- Billon C, Appourchaux K, Côté I, Burris TP. An orally active estrogen receptor-related receptor agonist, SLU-PP-915, enhances aerobic exercise capacity · J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2026) · PMID 41421047
- Bonanni R, Falvino A, Matticari A et al.. Targeting ERRs to counteract age-related muscle atrophy associated with physical inactivity: a pilot study · Front Physiol (2025) · PMID 40692696
- Avliyakulov NK, Sobolevsky T, Ahrens E. Analysis and Identification of In Vitro Metabolites of Exercise Mimetic SLU-PP-332 ERRα/β/γ Agonist for Doping-Control Purposes · Drug Test Anal (2026) · PMID 41688415
- Okda HE, Zhao P, Hayes M et al.. Chemical optimization of the exercise mimetic SLU-PP-332 enables insight into estrogen-related receptor signaling · Int J Biol Macromol (2026) · PMID 41850449
- Möller T, Krug O, Thevis M. In Vitro Metabolism and Analytical Characterization of SLU-PP-332 and SLU-PP-915: Novel Pan-ERR Agonists With Doping Potential · Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom (2026) · PMID 41588687
Citations are provided for educational purposes. They do not constitute medical advice. Always discuss any peptide protocol with your prescribing physician.
Common questions
SLU-PP-332 vs L-Carnitine, answered.
There is no comparison to make in people. L-carnitine has human trials describing a modest effect on body weight alongside diet and activity, mostly with oral doses. SLU-PP-332 reduced fat mass gain in mice and has never been tested in humans. Neither acts on appetite, and neither is a substitute for a weight-management medication.
In mice, SLU-PP-332 increased treadmill running and oxidative muscle fibres. In people, the clearest L-carnitine performance result needed six months of oral loading with carbohydrate. Neither has been shown to improve endurance in people at the doses Pepti prescribes.
L-carnitine carries fatty acids into mitochondria; the body makes it and has its own supply. SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic compound that switches on the receptors controlling mitochondrial genes. One is a transport cofactor, the other a gene-program switch.
No study has tested the combination. They would be separate injections by different routes. Whether a combination is appropriate is set by your physician after reviewing your intake.
Neither is. L-carnitine is a small molecule made from two amino acids, and SLU-PP-332 is a small synthetic drug-like compound. Both sit in a peptide catalog because they are prescribed, compounded and injected the same way. Is 5-Amino-1MQ a peptide explains why.
Those are the routes the pharmacy prepares each for and the directions specify. L-carnitine is given intramuscularly with a longer needle; SLU-PP-332 is given subcutaneously with an insulin syringe. Follow the route printed on each vial.
On an anti-doping panel, SLU-PP-332 can: WADA prohibits exercise mimetics and metabolic modulators, and detection methods were published in 2026. L-carnitine is not a prohibited substance, though some bodies restrict injections above a certain volume. A standard workplace screen looks for neither.
At Pepti, SLU-PP-332 is $229 a month and L-carnitine injection is $219 a month, all-in, including medication, physician review, refill management and shipping.
Neither has a timeline in people at Pepti's doses. The L-carnitine trials ran 8 to 24 weeks with oral doses, and the SLU-PP-332 studies were in mice, the longest lasting eight weeks. Neither tells you when, or whether, you would notice anything.
The active ingredient, levocarnitine, is approved for carnitine deficiency. Pepti's compounded intramuscular product is not that approved drug, and compounded medications are not FDA approved. SLU-PP-332 is not approved for anything.
No. Bloodwork is not required for any Pepti treatment. If your physician wants labs for your care, they'll ask through your account. The free assessment goes to a physician licensed in your state. A consultation does not guarantee a prescription.
Next step
See what a physician recommends for you.
A licensed physician in your state reviews your intake and decides what is appropriate. A consultation does not guarantee a prescription.


